The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty ( Arabic: ٱلْأُمَوِيُّون, al-ʾUmawīyūn, or بَنُو أُمَيَّة, Banū ʾUmayyah, "Sons of Umayyah"). It began with the Umayyad invasion of Hispania, and continued with the invasion of Gaul.The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE UK: / ʊ ˈ m aɪ j æ d, uː ˈ-/, US: / uː ˈ m aɪ( j) ə d, - aɪ æ d/ Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The Islamic Invasions of Europe refers to the repeated invasions and conquests of Europe by Muslim invaders from the 8th century to the 18th century, ultimately ending with the defeat of the United Islamic Caliphate at the Battle of Berlin and Battle of Moscow.
The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Umayyad Mosque, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. The region of Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital.At Map of Portugal Andalus Umayyad Caliphate 720 page, view political political map of Portugal, physical maps, satellite images, driving direction.Allow map scroll. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in the Second Fitna, and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of al-Sham (Greater Syria), who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Fitna in 661. 644–656), was also a member of the Umayyad clan.
The dynasty in most of the Islamic world was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km 2 (4,300,000 sq mi), making it one of the largest empires in history in terms of area. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. The mosque holds a shrine which is said to contain the head of John the. It is also of great architectural importance.
New:The Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. •See more » Siege of Constantinople (717718) The Second Arab siege of Constantinople in 717718 was a combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. 646 - 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death.Umayyad Caliphate and Siege of Constantinople (674678) - Sleep apnoea clinic with.
The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. There was, however, the Muslim-only zakat tax, which was earmarked explicitly for various welfare programmes for the benefit of Muslims or Muslim converts only.
Abu Sufyan and the Umayyads relocated to Medina, Islam's political centre, to maintain their new-found political influence in the nascent Muslim community. To reconcile his influential Qurayshite tribesmen, Muhammad gave his former opponents, including Abu Sufyan, a stake in the new order. The Umayyads under the leadership of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb were the principal leaders of Meccan opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but after the latter captured Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh embraced Islam. By the end of the 6th century, the Umayyads dominated the Quraysh's increasingly prosperous trade networks with Syria and developed economic and military alliances with the nomadic Arab tribes that controlled the northern and central Arabian desert expanses, affording the clan a degree of political power in the region. 1.4.1 Caliphate of Hisham and end of expansionMain article: Umayyad dynasty Early influenceDuring the pre-Islamic period, the Umayyads or "Banu Umayya" were a leading clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca.
Umar's exceptional treatment of Abu Sufyan's sons may have stemmed from his respect for the family, their burgeoning alliance with the powerful Banu Kalb tribe as a counterbalance to the influential Himyarite settlers in Homs who viewed themselves as equals to the Quraysh in nobility or the lack of a suitable candidate at the time, particularly amid the plague of Amwas which had already killed Abu Ubayda and Yazid. Yazid died shortly after and Umar appointed his brother Mu'awiya in his place. When Umar's overall commander of the province Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah died in 639, he appointed Yazid governor of Syria's Damascus, Palestine and Jordan districts. Abu Bakr's successor Umar ( r. 634–644) curtailed the influence of the Qurayshite elite in favor of Muhammad's earlier supporters in the administration and military, but nonetheless allowed the growing foothold of Abu Sufyan's sons in Syria, which was all but conquered by 638. One of the appointees was Yazid, the son of Abu Sufyan, who owned property and maintained trade networks in Syria.
He appointed his family members as governors over the regions successively conquered under Umar and himself, namely much of the Sasanian Empire, i.e. From early in his reign, Uthman displayed explicit favouritism to his kinsmen, in stark contrast to his predecessors. He was chosen over Ali because he would ensure the concentration of state power into the hands of the Quraysh, as opposed to Ali's determination to diffuse power among all of the Muslim factions. He was elected by the shura council, composed of Muhammad's cousin Ali, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, all of whom were close, early companions of Muhammad and belonged to the Quraysh. The founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, Mu'awiya I, had originally been governor of the junds (military districts) of Damascus ( Dimashq) and Jordan ( al-Urdunn) in 639 before gaining authority over the rest of Syria's junds during the caliphate of Uthman (644–656), a member of the Umayyad familyUmar's successor, Uthman ibn Affan, was a wealthy Umayyad and early Muslim convert with marital ties to Muhammad. Caliphate of UthmanMap of Islamic Syria ( Bilad al-Sham), the metropolis of the Umayyad Caliphate.
Umayyad Caliphate Map Plus Taxes From
He had the surplus taxes from the wealthy provinces of Kufa and Egypt forwarded to the treasury in Medina, which he used at his personal disposal, frequently disbursing its funds and war booty to his Umayyad relatives. In 645/46, he added the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) to Mu'awiya's Syrian governorship and granted the latter's request to take possession of all Byzantine crown lands in Syria to help pay his troops. Uthman's nepotism provoked the ire of the Ansar and the members of the shura. According to the historian Wilferd Madelung, this policy stemmed from Uthman's "conviction that the house of Umayya, as the core clan of Quraysh, was uniquely qualified to rule in the name of Islam". In Medina, he relied extensively on the counsel of his Umayyad cousins, the brothers al-Harith and Marwan ibn al-Hakam.
Kennedy, Uthman was killed because of his determination to centralize control over the Caliphate's government by the traditional elite of the Quraysh, particularly his Umayyad clan, which he believed possessed the "experience and ability" to govern, at the expense of the interests, rights and privileges of many early Muslims. In the assessment of the historian Hugh N. Mounting resentment against Uthman's rule in Iraq and Egypt and among the Ansar and Quraysh of Medina culminated in the siege and killing of the caliph in 656.
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